PCIe

When PCIe links are used bidirectionally for simultaneous data transfers across multiple GPUs, combined bandwidth requirements exceed CPU-side memory controller capacity, causing some PCIe links to fail achieving target throughput and degrading performance.

Modern high-performance GPUs have data bandwidth requirements that exceed standard PCIe limitations, creating a bottleneck for GPU infrastructure design. PCIe bandwidth becomes a critical limiting factor when scaling to multiple GPUs or high-throughput workloads.